The Curriculum and Instruction Case Analysis Assignment

The Curriculum and Instruction Case Analysis - Assignment Example The Principal is far more than the physical head of a school or a person with abundance of knowledge. He is also the role model and a great leader cum visionary, who propels his entire family of teachers and students towards success. In today's world of extreme competition and marketing strategies to attain that sharp edge over the others, Principals, as the head of the institution have a greater role to play. It includes living up to the expected standard of the school, while also catering to the current demands of the market; all this while obliging and adhering to the rules and guidelines prescribed by statutory bodies and boards of education in the area concerned. The case study on GATE is one such example of the number of responsibilities and decision-making abilities that must be realised by the Principal. Assuming that I am the Principal of Monet Middle School located at La Solana, I would deal with the problem, in a tactful and with a more open perspective and outlook. Since the issue deals not only with the educational point of view, but with a broader issue like heterogeneous ethnic backgrounds and the pressure to categorise students, it needs great amount of confidence and strength to chalk out a pathway to satisfy a large number of the people involved, take great care not to hurt the sentiments of the diverse population, and yet adhere to principles and codes of conduct. The case study says that the school has about 23% of the students attaining their education through the Voluntary Ethnic Enrolment Program (VEEP), about 53% of the students consisted of those qualifying for the Gifted and Talented Education (GATE) program and about 5% of the students have been recognised as those with special needs that requires them to attend the Special Education Program. With such diversified population, it is indeed an uphill task to bring and bind all of them together. The Tracking System that segregated the students was initially implemented in the school and then, it was done away with great difficulty but with immense conviction. It brought about great changes for the better and also raised the normal standard of education and results. Most importantly, it bridged the gap between students emerging from various backgrounds and with different levels of intellectual quotients. As the Principal, I am now faced with a challenge---the school board has passed an ordinance that calls for the implementation of the tracking syste

Kenyan Hospitality And Travel Industries

Kenyan Hospitality And Travel Industries The Republic of Kenya is located along the Equator of the eastern side of Africa, boarding the countries of Somalia, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania. The country covers an area of 582,264 km2 and house approximately 28.8 million people and growing at a rate at a rate 6f 1.6 annually. The climate take a tropical origin which tourist can experience sunshine all year round ,however the temperature may differ throughout the country for example warm humid at the cost ,cool humid at central high lands and hot dry in the north and east. Rain on the other hand is seasonal for which the heaviest occur during the months of April to June. Kenya is a country rich in culture which gives home to a number of different tribe, religions and approximately 45 different ethnic groups. Some of these larger populated ethnic and religious groups include: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14% and Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, Indigenous beliefs 10% and Muslim 10% respectively. (About.com) The native language of Kenya is Swahili which is also known as Kiswahili which is widely spoken among natives however English is becoming the official language of Kenya. This cosmopolitan country has a number of different amenities to bring to the tourism arena. With tourism being one of main finical drivers Kenyas economies, they engaged in the following types of tourism which are: Domestic, Culture, Business and Community and Eco Tourism. This type of tourism helps in a number of different ways. Firstly, it helps to educate the natives about their country and what it has to offer. Secondly, it gets them more involved in the tourism sector. Domestic tourism also helps in balancing off the tourism industry in low period of nation and international guest and tourist arrival. Kenyas tourism industry is closely bonded to environment, culture and the community, wildlife in relation to eco tourism in particular is one of the top tourist drivers. Safaris, national parks and forests, show the countless species of Flora and Fauna that can be found throughout the country. Tourist can also experience true tribal life through the community national parks where rich Kenyan culture is displayed together with tours and hikes through deserts, mountains rainforests, beaches etc. BUSINESS TOURISM In addition to wild life, the accommodation and conference sector play an important role in the tourism sector. Hotels range from budget, express, luxury and national parks where sleeping under the element is now possible. These establishments offer first class service together with computer, telecommunication and internet services. ANALYSIS HOSPITALITY TOURISM INDUSTRY IN KENYA Tourism in Kenya dates back to pre-independence days and as recorded in history as early as the 1930s (Tourism in Kenya). In the past, the bulk of the tourist that visited Kenya did so mainly to take part in the gaming industry in the game hunting expeditions, while the other visitors represented the typical old tourist that travelled for sun, sand and sea which is one of the tourism products offered by Kenyas tourism industry. In particular, the tourism industry in Kenya traditionally attracted first world rulers. e.g. The Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth II and the President of the United States of America, Theodore Roosevelt. INFRASTRUCTURE In the 1930s, Kenyas infrastructure was less than ideal or/and adequate to facilitate this new trend, tourism. Nevertheless, the tourism industry was steadily growing. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 (Kenya Timeline) after which the infrastructure developed a bit but still required improvements. The government with cooperation of both the public and private sector worked cohesively to fully develop the infrastructure that in turn made Kenya more attractive to tourists. Approximately 10% of the country has been reserved for the preservation of the natural attractions and wildlife in Kenya which helps to boost tourism. (Tourism in Kenya) The tourism industry has evolved with the emergence of the new tourist, which brought along new forms of tourism for the country notably sports tourism, community and culture tourism etc. Eco tourism is the prevailing form of tourism accompanied by 10% of the natural reserve dedicated by the government. Kenya Eco tourism attractions:- Game viewing expeditions (Flora) -the evolution of the new tourist brought along the new game viewing expeditions, where the tourist no longer hunt the animals but view the animals on a Safari. Kenyas popular animal attractions are commonly called the big five which includes: elephant, rhino, lion, buffalo and the leopard (Tourism in Kenya) Plant watching (Fauna) The viewing of trees and flowers in Kenya is part of the Kenyan agricultural industry, which is the main contributor to the Kenyan GDP. Kenya climatic seasons are similar to those in the Caribbean with a dry and rain season annually. The rainy season in Kenya is responsible for the boom in the fauna of the country. This is the season where the trees and flowers bloom whereas the dry season is quite different. The trees drop their leaves and the flowers dry up. A tourist that visits Kenya in the dry season would have a different experience to a tourist that visit in the rainy season in regards to the country fauna. Safari this allows the tourists to observe and understand the native people and their natural lifestyle. ECONOMICAL FACTORS Multiplier Effect Kenyas tourism industry is heavily dependent on other industries to be a successful industry. The tourism industry is mainly dependent on the agriculture industry. This sector is predominantly responsible for providing the food and beverages that are served to the tourists. NEGATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Lacks of awareness of the people The people of Kenya are included in the decision making process or informed about tourism development initiatives. As a result of this, nationals act negatively towards the tourist. Socio-culturally With the improvement in the tourism industry and the influx of tourist into country, the ways and attitudes of the new world, have negatively affected the culture Kenya by the increase of prostitution, lack of traditional rituals and performances. Terrorism Threat The bombing of the US Embassy in 1998 and attempted bombing in Mombasa 2002, prompted countries to issue negative travel advisories which greatly affected the tourist arrivals to Kenya as depicted in the statistical data. Kenya is a country with a diverse range of tourism products that cater to many types of tourism as mentioned previously. The country is heavily focused on maintaining its natural aspect as well as developing in a sustainable manner keeping with its eco tourism trend as it foremost tourism product. Overall the tourism industry is slowly increasing despite the negative factors that are occasionally experienced; they were able to press forward. IDENTIFICATION DISCUSSION OF TERRORISM IN KENYA WHAT IS TERRORISM? According to the U.S. Department of State terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Likewise, international terrorism is defined as terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. ( ) TERRORISTS ATTACKS IN KENYA US EMBASSY ATTACK Around 10.30am on August 7th, 1998, Kenyas US Embassy in Nairobi, was bombed by terrorists where an estimated 12 Americans and 227 Kenyans were killed. Approximately 5000 people in the vicinity at the time of the blast were injured. The destruction spanned a two to three block radius and the Al Qaeda terrorist group were the suspects behind the incident. MOMBASSA ATTACK The Al Qaeda terrorist group again launched another attack in Kenya this time at an Israeli owned hotel. About 8.30am on November 28, 2002, 2 Israelis and 12 Kenyans were killed and over 80 people were injured in the bombing of the Paradise hotel in Mombasa. This attack was only the first part as a missile attack on an Israeli aircraft was concurrently taking place however, this mission failed. WHY DO TERRORISTS TARGET KENYA? Geographic location, poverty and unstable neighbours are some key elements that have contributed to past terrorist attacks faced by Kenya. Kenyas unique geographic location acts as a passageway from the Middle East and South Asia to East Africa and beyond. Therefore, Kenya had to cater for the many activities that would now exist because of this pathway so an extensive seaport was constructed as well as two international airports, one in Mombasa and one in Nairobi along with rail, road and communication infrastructure. With these additions, travel and entry into and around Kenya is quite easy and usually obscure due to its penetrable borders coupled with its surrounding neighbours and unmonitored coastline. In particular, the Arabs in Kenya that occupy the coastal areas are closely linked to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both share a common religion and language. This has made it quite convenient for terrorist to blend into the community. For these reasons, Kenya is a preferred choice for terrorist to strike. Due to poverty and the high rate of unemployment that exists in Kenya, the youths are targeted by terrorists for recruitment to carry out their activities. The terrorists are able to lure these young people by giving them money to join their cause. In this way, they gain new recruits who would provide them with the relevant local information needed to proceed with their activities. Again, Kenya is seen as an ideal destination for terrorists to attack. In Somalia, Kenyas neighbouring country, political instability is quite prevalent. For the past 14 years, Somalia has not been run been run by a government and this has given way to terrorists to move across the border. This has therefore hampered Kenyas security. Immigrants from Somalia reside in Kenya making it easier for terrorists to blend in and thereby bring terrorism into Kenya. Another challenge for Kenya is its ties to the US which make them susceptible to terrorists attacks. Kenya, among other countries, has been selected by the United States Agency for International Development to be provided with the necessary resources to fight HIV/AIDS. ( ) Also, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention located in Kenya is the TERRORISMS IMPACT ON THE HOSPITALITY TOURISM INDUSTRY IN KENYA Tourism, one of the foundation blocks of Kenyas economy, constitutes 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has been adversely affected by the repercussions of terrorism. Firstly, the influx of tourist to Kenya can be estimated to over 500,000 visitors each year. Europe and the United States of America (USA) represent Kenyas traveller generating region with 70% of the market being Europeans (Switzerland, Italy, Belgium France and Britain account for the bulk of tourists). In addition, visitors come from Japan, Asia, Scandinavia, and other African countries. USA, Germany, Great Britain and some other countries, upon receiving the news about the terrorist attacks on Kenyas US Embassy in Nairobi, immediately issued travel advisories to their citizens and imposed travel bans to refrain travel to Kenya as it was deemed unsafe. Moreover, the extensive media coverage of the attacks particularly focused on Kenyas vulnerability to terrorism severely tarnished its image. These responses lead to a decline in travel to Kenya and some neighboring countries as travelers feared the spillover of the terrorist attacks. For example, tourism businesses were terribly affected by the travel warnings. Tourism brought in US $500 million in annual revenue and was losing at least $1 million everyday due to the decline in tourism. ( ) Consequently, Kenyas tourism industry was paralyzed. Kenya suffered a decrease in tourist arrivals. This had a ripple effect on all sectors of the industry. The cancellation of leisure trips and business conferences were rapidly on the rise. Kenyas reputation plummeted and this lead to the loss of its competitive value. Kenya was no longer an option to be considered for vacation or investment. Tourism catered to the employment of 500, 000 Kenyans ranging from tour operators, tour guides, travel agencies, safari driver, dancers, hoteliers, restaurateurs, small business operators to airport and airline personnel. Subsequently, there was a significant increase in unemployment as many Kenyans lost their jobs. Employees that were still employed received salary cuts. For instance, at the Carnivore restaurant; all of the 330 staff had their salaries reduced, including Dunford the chairman (National Geographic 2010). The bombing of the US Embassy had a massive impact on Kenyas infrastructure. The Embassy was stationed at the crossroads of two streets in Nairobi, adjacent to the Ufundi Building and the Co op Bank Building. The explosion destroyed these three buildings and other buildings and amenities within a two to three block radius.( ) The rubble consisted of broken glass from windows, window frames, furniture and fixtures, concrete block walls, cars, buses, electric poles, street lights and the list goes on. The transportation sector within Kenya suffered major setbacks as the streets were seriously damaged and likewise vehicles. Additional problems surfaced as resources (medical) were delayed as it was difficult to get in and around Nairobi. Access was restricted to rescue and emergency personnel. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, was known for its many tourist attractions but these business operations declined as a result of the bombing. With the loss of power and telecommunication, tour oper ators, travel agencies and hotels were unable to update their websites or communicate with potential visitors who would usually book their reservations, tours or tickets online. Another hindrance to Kenyas tourism industry in light of the terrorist attacks is the slump in foreign direct investment (FDI). Investors were inclined to nullify their FDI in Kenya due to some of the shocks felt by the terrorist attack such as the direct destruction of infrastructure, the rise of operating costs due to an increasing need of security measures, and the rise of recruiting costs due to missing incentives to work in terrorism prone regions. ( ). This further contributed to the loss of revenue specifically for tourism development initiatives. An important issue on the agenda of Kenyas government to combat terrorism is now the introduction of more security. The notion about safety is not confined to the citizens of Kenya alone but is extended to the tourist as well. For this purpose, government spending had to be diverted from productive investment designed to promote growth, eradicate poverty and sustain tourism development. ( ) Expenditure on high tech security equipment such as surveillance cameras, metal detectors and screening machines had to be implemented as strategies to counteract terrorism. Kenyas financial costs continued to escalate in aftermath of the terrorist attack as more funding was required for the cleanup, restoration and reconstruction of the infrastructure, buildings and other amenities destroyed in the blast including tourists facilities. As an illustration, Similarly, another expense incurred is that of extensive advertising to attract more and new tourists to Kenya. This strategy was employed to portray Kenya as a once again safe place and to neutralize the negative media attention received after the bombing. Apart from the above mentioned negative effects of terrorism on Kenyas tourism industry, some positive effects were identified. With the decrease in tourist arrivals to Kenya, domestic tourism was being promoted. Locals provided a portion of revenue needed to sustain some tourism businesses. Likewise, a new must see tourist attraction was developed. The August 7th Memorial Park was constructed on the site where the US Embassy was once situated. This memorial was built to commemorate the lives that were lost and represents a tribute to the courage of the several thousand others who have had to cope with permanent injury and/or the loss of loved ones. It is a place where people come to reflect, remember and relax. ( ) This attraction is quite similar to the September 11 attraction Ground Zero which has been included in many tour packages offered by tour companies in New York City. With regard to the Kenyas transit route region, terrorism is no exception. The negative effects of US embassy bombing trickled down to the airline industry. Flight cancellations increased as airline travel declined. There were numerous staff cuts and a major loss of revenue for the industry. For instance, the suspension of British Airways regular and charter planes flying to Nairobi, coupled with travel advisories, closed down access to 90% of Kenyas overseas markets (The Effect of Terrorism 2004). Car rental companies were also affected. KENYAS RESPONSE TO TERRORISM There is a need for the development of an anti-terrorism legislation in Kenya: following the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Kenya the government recognized that there were no adequate measures in place to deal with such acts and therefore the need to develop and implement legislation to deal with terrorism was essential. According to Kenyas Counter Terrorism committee, the Government on two occasions made attempts to implement such laws with the Suppression of Terrorism Bill in 2003 and the Anti-Terrorism Bill in 2006 respectively. However, both bills failed to be introduced to parliament. (Google 2010) Another point to be considered is the need for revamped management policies to be set in place for Kenyas border line and costal security control. Google 2010 also stated that the need for heightened security is vital in these areas, for example: the border between Kenya and Somalia poses a great threat to Kenyan nationals and tourist due to fact that Somalia has been without a government of over fourteen years and is known to be politically unstable. This can be done by putting measures in place such as; heightened security checks for persons entering Kenya through Somalia, denial of entry for suspicious entrants and denial to unnecessary travellers especially during the peak tourist seasons. Proper execution of security in these areas may allow tourists to feel safer and therefore increase overall visits to Kenya. The tourism board of Kenya could try to mitigate some of the negative impacts of the past terrorism attacks on the country by creating a new image for the destination. In order to effectively do this, Kenyas perspective about tourism has to be more holistic. For instance with respect to community tourism, the Maasai Mara tribe not only protects the environment but they engage in certain practices to reduce harm to the environment. Though terrorism would ultimately have a devastating impact on any country being affected, repositioning Kenya in the minds of tourists by focusing on the positives of the destination rather than the negative aspects of terrorism can aid in the process of moving forward. In addition, the tourism board can also shift some of their attention to local tourist by creating special packages in such a way that would be attractive to the local population. Another option to combat this issue of terrorism in Kenya should be the development of crisis management portfolio. This would first of all distinguish terrorism from other forms of crisis. It should then outline in detail the measures that should be implemented before and after such a crisis. Next the portfolio should assist in painting a clear and clutter free process that should be followed after an act of terrorism to facilitate a timely recovery for Kenyas image. Since terrorism severely tarnished the image of Kenya, it is very crucial that only specific and highly qualified individuals should address the public and media issues. Hence the reason, the portfolio should also outline all individuals that should be involved in this process with clearly defined roles and objectives. CASE STUDY SEPTEMBER 11 AND KENYA BOMBINGS Both the September 11 attacks on the United States and the US Embassy and Mombasa bombings in 1998 and 2002 respectively were carried out by the Al Qaeda terrorist organization. NEGATIVE EFFECTS Both the US and Kenya bombings resulted in a decline in outbound and inbound travel. The airline industry in both countries experienced significant revenue losses following the decline in travel. Businesses that were dependent on tourism as their main source of revenue suffered and were unable to continue operations. Staff cuts were also experienced again due to the decrease in travel because of the acts of terrorism faced by both countries. POSITIVE EFFECTS Both countries introduced new high tech security equipment and measures to combat the threat of terrorism. Both countries were able to develop a new tourist attraction, Ground Zero and August 7th Memorial

In The Movie tombstone, Friendship Comes In Different Forms :: essays research papers

In the Movie "Tombstone", Friendship Comes in Different Forms Friendship between two people can come in many different forms. In a companionship you could just be acquaintances, where at one time or another someone might have done something for you that might have changed your life for the better. To this individual you feel as if you owe them a favor in return. For this reason you would always help them in their time of need. In the movie Tombstone, Wyatt Earp was the only amigo that Doc Holiday ever had. So no matter when Wyatt was in trouble Doc was always there for him. For example the time all of Wyatts' brothers were murdered and Wyatt took revenge on the people who did it. So, even though on his death bed, Doc Holiday, got up and went with Wyatt to help him slay them. This is one way that a friendship can form between two people. A further example of the friendship between Wyatt and Holiday was when the Dalton gang had come into town with their guns and went into the O.K. Corral. They were going to get Wyatt for killing one for their brothers. Doc knew that Wyatt might of been killed if he went there on his own. So again, even though not in the best of health, Doc went to help Wyatt out. Another type of friendship is the one that came between John Oakhurst and young Tom Simson in the story of The Outcast of Poker Flat. In this camaraderie the two men were in a poker game and young Simson lost all of his money to Oakhurst. After the game Oakhurst pulled him aside and gave him his money back and a little lecture on not to gamble any more. By this he made a slave (friend) for life. A few months later when Oakhurst became exiled out of

Native Americans Mascots Essay

Imagine yourself at a sporting event. You are enjoying the last bite of your foot-long hot dog, anticipating the moment the half time show will begin. Out comes the shoe-less, plaid-shirt wearing, ripped and dirty blue jean sporting mascot. His name is â€Å"Billy Bob– the wildest hillbilly in the boondocks. † He goes running around, chugging down his fake moonshine and spitting tobacco. Being a native of Appalachia, you find yourself upset, and state this to be extremely offending. However, your sister who is attending the game with you casually laughs it off, stating that it is just hilarious. The disagreement between siblings from the same background can be compared to the discontent many people face when concerning the use of Native American Mascots. We will be reviewing the varying opinions and beliefs on the matter of using Native American symbols at sporting events. There are many people who believe that it is very disrespectful towards Native Americans. Not only is it demeaning the values that they believe in, but it is also poking fun at their image in a very negative way. However, there are also the people who feel that using the names of Native Americans and their image is not only very honorable, but is a helpful reminder to people of the fight that they once went through. We are going to take a look at some of the different standpoints on the matter, some statistics, and even some cases that have resulted from this dispute. Honoring Native Americans is what many believe the mascots do. Those who support the use of these symbols and identities are convinced that they show their admirable characteristics and reflect them positively. In June of 2007, there was a law signed by Governor Phil Bredesen, for the state of Tennessee to be able to â€Å"continue to honor certain persons or cultures through the use of symbols, names and mascots† (Holliday. ) However, the bill stated that it would be void in the circumstance that these Native American symbols were being portrayed as demeaning or in an obscene way. If the school is actually recognizing the positive qualities of the Native Americans, then the use of their symbols as mascots should not be an issue. Of course, there are those who are easily offended and oppose this idea. On this side of the debate, there are other issues that come into view. For the schools that are not using Native American mascots appropriately, they would be required to not only have their traditional name change, but require new uniforms and gear. This could result in the fans holding prejudiced opinions towards the Native Americans, which in return could be more harmful than before. Many cannot see why using Native Americans and their images as mascots or logos could be considered negative or even disrespectful. What they do not understand is the potential stereotyping that is associated with these images. Coming from a place such as Appalachia, I can concur with these stereotyping insecurities. A study published in Basic and Applied Social Psychology states, â€Å"If American Indian mascots are regarded as negative stereotypes then their psychological effects will also be negative. For example, activating negative stereotypes is associated with disengagement, lower self-esteem, and decreased aspirations for careers and leadership† (Stone. ) It goes on to speak of the potential for positive stereotypes, but that does not always guarantee a positive outcome. There is also a mention of how positive stereotypes can lead to negative consequences. An example of this is a woman who is considered warm and affectionate, and how she is in return believed to be weak, basically less competent. The offensive repercussions from these mascots have some people hoping and working towards a change. Arguers against the use of Native American mascots believe that teams could just as well play under a different team name. The offensive cartoons or taglines that are associated with a team’s merchandise could lead to the negative stereotypes of Indians as savages, which is said to be the starting line on the path to racism. In 2005, the NCAA took a stand for what they believed was right and what they thought the public wanted; they banned the images and nicknames of Native Americans in post season tournaments. They removed any nicknames and images that could be seen as â€Å"hostile† or â€Å"abusive. † Starting in February of 2006, mascots would not be allowed to perform at halftime shows, and their cheerleaders and band members would not be able to wear American Indians on their uniforms. One school in particular believed that this was wrong and very quickly complained and even threatened legal action. The president of Florida State, home of the Seminoles, T. K. Wetherell said in a statement, â€Å"I intend to pursue all legal avenues to ensure that this unacceptable decision is overturned, and that this university will forever be associated with the ‘unconquered’ spirit of the Seminole Tribe of Florida† (The Florida State University. ) While the NCAA officials admit they can’t force the schools to change their nicknames or logos, they are making a statement they believe is long overdue. In some states, such as New York and Maryland, there have been similar courses of action taken in order to resolve this debate. The Commissioner of Education of New York, required schools to discuss the issue with the directive that â€Å"the use of Native American symbols or depictions as mascots can become a barrier to building a safe and nurturing school. † The Maryland Department of Education decided that the schools in Maryland must deliberate the issue. In result, approximately half of its schools decided to change their logos. Some were left undecided, leaving less than half with their original names. Just like the debate on whether this use is morally right or wrong, the decision seems to be split. Other state boards of education have considered similar actions. Minnesota and North Carolina are just a few. In Kansas and Michigan, there are recommendations to completely discontinue these names, and seek some more appropriate ones. In the past three decades, most colleges that held mascots or names that were Native American have rid them from their halls (Taylor.) In the Chronicle of Higher Education, it states â€Å"Today about 58 colleges nationwide have Native American mascots, and besides Illinois, only four compete at the high-profile Division I-A level: Arkansas State University, Florida State University, the University of North Dakota, and San Diego State University† (Selingo. ) The statistics have some questioning the time and effort that many have spent on the issue. Biology professor, Stephen J. Kaufman at Illinois stated, â€Å"The amount of time and effort all sides have spent on this issue is absurd. The Revolutionary War took 7 years, the Civil War 4 years, and here we are in our 15th year. † The fifteen year debate he is speaking of is that of the decision whether the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek is an appropriate display of Native American characteristics (Sellingo. ) This debate has been going on for many years, and will probably continue to be argued. On this debate, I am on the fence. If honoring Native Americans is the intention, and it is done correctly, I see no wrong in using Native American mascots. However, any occurrences where the mascots are not acting or representing their namesakes properly should be removed. The main concern should not be the school or the consequences that could come from removing these mascots. The focus, as it should always be, must be on the ones being portrayed. The battle of whether the use of Native American mascots and symbols is right or wrong, is still ongoing. This debate will probably never cease, because there will never be one unanimously decided solution, for not everyone sees it one way or the other. Either our society is going to have to learn to respect others, or we are going to have to eliminate the possibility of unfair treatment and discrimination. Both seem to be out of our own hands, and not to be pessimistic, but quite unattainable. However, only the future holds the true answer to this ongoing debate. We can only hope for a fair solution. Works Cited â€Å"Florida State University responds to NCAA decision banning use of Native American symbols. † The Florida State University. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. . Holliday, Courtney. â€Å"Tennessee Votes to Protect American Indian Mascots . † First Amendment Center . Web. 20 Jul. 2012. . â€Å"Indian Mascots in Sports. †Ã‚  Scholastic Action  34. 5/6 (2010): 30. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Joseph M. Stone, et al. â€Å"Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots. †Ã‚  Basic & Applied Social Psychology  30. 3 (2008): 208-218. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Selingo, Jeffrey. â€Å"An Honored Symbol to Some, a Racist Mascot to Others. †Ã‚  Chronicle of Higher Education50. 41 (2004): A20. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Taylor, Kelley R. â€Å"Mascots, Team Names, and Cultural Sensitivity. †Ã‚  Education Digest  68. 2 (2002): 43. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012.

Compare Bronfenbrenner and Erikson Essay

Lifespan Developments Theories offer explanations of how the individual changes and develops throughout their lifetime. While this objective is constant, the focus of these theories vary. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory adopts an intrapersonal focus, outlining nine age related stages of the life cycle while Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Stage Theory focuses on five socio-cultural stages within which the individual interacts, interpersonally, over time. This essay will focus on both these theories, their implications in the world of adult education, particularly from the perspective of experience within two South Kerry Adult Education Centres and finally the areas where these theories may concur and contrast. Erik Erikson was a Neo-Freudian Psychologist who developed a lifespan theory identifying eight stages of psychosocial human development. As Erikson and his wife, Joan, entered their eightieth decade, they discovered a ninth stage. Joan Erikson completed work on this stage from notes made by her husband before he died and from her own observations. In fact, Erik and Joan Erikson were co-collaborators throughout their years together as evidenced in the following statement, ‘To restate the sequence of psychosocial stages throughout life means to take responsibility for the terms Joan Erikson and I have originally attached to them’(Erikson E.H. cited Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997,p.55). Also, while recounting a trip to Los Angeles where Erik Erikson had been invited to present ‘the stages’ to a group of Psychologists and Psychiatrists, Joan Erikson tells of her uneasiness while they discussed the presentation. At this stage, there were seven stages in their model. ‘In a shocking moment of clarity I saw what was wrong’ (Erikson E.H & Erikson J. 1997 p.3). She had spotted that ‘ We’ were missing and subsequently, they added an eighth stage entitled ‘Generativity vs. Stagnation’. This significant contribution was made by Joan Erikson on the trip to the train station ‘where Erik could catch the Los Angeles train, and then for me to hurry back to home and the children’ (Erikson E.H.& Erikson J. 1997, p.2). Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory holds that personality develops through nine stages across the entire lifespan. ‘Personality can be said to develop according to steps predetermined in the human organism’s readiness to be driven forward, to be aware of and to interact with a widening social radius’ (Erikson 1959 cited Tennant M. 1997 p.33). Each of these stages involves challenges and conflicts which, if successfully resolved, allow the  individual to develop a strength, or virtue which they bring with them into the following stage. If unsuccessfully resolved, the individual proceeds into the next stage not only without this strength but with a corresponding negative element which is likely to impede their progressive de velopment. Erikson refers to these strengths as ‘syntonic elements’ and the negative elements as ‘dystonic elements’. For example, at ‘infancy’ the first stage, age 0-1 years, the conflict or challenge experienced by the individual is ’trust vs. mistrust’. The syntonic element that might result is ‘hope’, the dystonic element is ‘withdrawal’. Erikson explains ‘vs.’ as standing for ‘versus’ and ‘yet also, in the light of their complementarity, for something like â€Å"visa versa†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997, p.55). Erikson does not hold that that an individual’s resolved state should lay at the end of the continuum. ‘’The child also needs to develop some healthy mistrust, such as learning to discriminate between dangerous and safe situations’ (Bee & Boyd 2003, p.258). It is only in experiencing and understanding these opposites such as trust and mistrust that we can develop the relevant strength. At each of these age related stages, the individual is in communication and conflict with a significant psychosocial relationship. Again, for example, at the first stage, Erikson states that this relationship is with the mother. Others are s een in the following chart: Erikson’s psychosocial crisis stages (syntonic v dystonic) Freudian psycho- sexual stages life stage / relationships / issues basic virtue and second named strength (potential positive outcomes from each crisis) maladaptation / malignancy(potential negative outcome – one or the other – from unhelpful experience during each crisis) 1. Trust v Mistrust Oral infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping Hope and Drive Sensory Distortion / Withdrawal 2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt Anal toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking Willpower and Self-Control Impulsivity / Compulsion 3. Initiative v Guilt Phallic preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play Purpose and Direction Ruthlessness / Inhibition 4. Industry v Inferiority Latency schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighbourhood /achievement and accomplishment Competence and Method Narrow Virtuosity / Inertia 5. Identity v Role Confusion Puberty and Genitality adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up Fidelity and Devotion Fanaticism / Repudiation 6. Intimacy v Isolation (Genitality) young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life Love and Affiliation Promiscuity / Exclusivity 7. Generativity v Stagnation n/a mid-adult / children, community / ‘giving back’, helping, contributing Care and Production Overextension / Rejectivity 8. Integrity v Despair n/a late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievements Wisdom and Renunciation Presumption / Disdain http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm Joan Erikson, reviewing their lifecycle theory (while adding the ninth stage),  notes that the syntonic element is always mentioned first, before the dystonic. Stating that it should be noted that often ‘circumstances may place the dystonic in a more dominant position’ (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997 p. 106). She continues that old age is ‘such a circumstance’. For this reason, in her account of the ninth stage she places the dystonic first i.e. ‘Despair and Disgust vs. Integrity: Wisdom’ (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997, p.106) and recounts a revisiting of all the stages, this time with different virtues emerging (see chart below), ideally culminating in a state of ‘gerotranscendence’. Lars Tornstam defines gerotranscendence as a shift in perspective ‘from a materialistic and rational vision to a more cosmic and transcendence one, normally followed by an incre ase in life satisfaction’ (Tornstam cited Erikson E.H. & Erikson J. 1997, p.123). www.intropsych.com Erikson’s theory highlights the need to provide age appropriate activities for the students. Also, within the field of Youthreach and VTOS programmes, particular attention might be given to stimulating identity exploration in adolescents. For example, within the Fetac Personal and Interpersonal Skills Module, helping the student explore their strengths, aptitudes, learning styles, personality types and through communication with outside agencies, encourage career exploration. Early school leavers, as is evident in one South Kerry Youthreach programme, often have experienced social and educational deprivation and as such are vulnerable to unemployment, depression and the growing number of suicides are always a concern. Very often, a single parent is the sole guardian and this parent is female, as are the majority of teachers and social workers. Positive role models, with whom the young person can identify, have been shown to help in promoting health care in young people. Ã¢â‚¬Ë œLocal role models and peers can also play an important role in actively promoting projects, and have the capacity to allay fears or embarrassment that some young men might feel about getting involved’ (Richardson N, Clarke N. & Fowler C. 2013, p.111). Education centres can organise support from such positive role models. Regarding Erikson’s stage of Young Adulthood, Education Centres provide a social setting where people can meet, communicate and escape the isolation that  often results from unemployment. Adult education provides an opportunity for ‘a kind of self- generation concerned with further identity development’. (Erikson 1998 p.67) Apparent to those involved in this field is the manifestation of ‘care’ and respect that the adult has for their new learning, a virtue sadly missing from the reluctant schoolchild of their yesteryears. As retirement age is forced forward and healthcare education promises longer active lives, there is no reason why adult education should not be available to people into their nineties. What better way to synthesise integrity and despair than using ones wisdom, sharing with others while learning new things. ‘Despair expresses the feeling that time is now s hort, too short for the attempt to start another life and try out alternate roads†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Erikson 1963 cited Erikson E.H.& Erikson J.M. 1997 p.113) Adult education might just offer an ‘alternate road’. Tutors might also integrate older people in the community to come in to the centres to contribute their knowledge. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory is the scientific study of the development of the individual person as they experience the bi-directional influences encountered within the various environments throughout their lifespan. ‘Intelligence and emotion’ have been named as mediators for this development and ‘identity and competence’ has been described as the ‘outcomes’. (Garbarino and Abramowitz, 1992 cited Graham A. 2013, p.32). Two types of risks to positive change are identified. These are ‘direct threats and the absence of opportunities’. (Garbarino and Abramowitz, 1992 cited Graham A. 2013, p.32). These risks can be biological or socio-cultural. There is interplay between these two sources and deficits in one source may be compensated by richness in the other. Bronfenbrenner categorised the environment ‘as a nested arrangement of structures, each contained within the next’. (Bronfenbrenner 1977, p.514 ). Adapting terminology from Brim (1975) Bronfenbrenner names these structures as microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems and chronosystems. Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development (http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/dl/free/0073378585/660384/san78585_c03_0 72_11) A Microsystem is ‘the complex of relations between the developing person and environment in an immediate setting containing that person’ (Bronfenbrenner 1977, p.514). This includes family, friends, neighbours, school and work. The individual’s development is affected by the beliefs, attitudes, temperament and personality of the various people within these settings, but the individual, according to Bronfenbrenner, is not a ‘passive recipient’ but is ‘ someone who helps construct the settings’. (Bronfenbrenner 1977 cited Graham A. 22013, p. 33). The mesosystem ‘comprises the interrelations among major settings containing the developing person at a particular point in his or her life’. (Bronfennbrenner U.1977,p.515). The better interconnected the microsystems, the more consistent the individual’s development is likely to be. The exosystem is an influence system which contain both formal and informal structures ‘which impinge on or encompass the settings in which the developing person in found’ (Sugarman L.1993, p.11). The exosystem is an extension of the mesosystems. This refers to a collection of settings in which the individual does not directly interact but which affect him or her nonetheless. This would include the government, medical system, labour market, mass media and the neighbourhood. Macrosystems, the fourth of Bronfenbrenner’s layers of influence, involves the culture within which the individual lives ‘carried often unwittingly in the minds of the society’s members as ideology made manifest through customs and practice in everyday life’ (Bronfenbrenner U. 1977 p.515). The influence of these customs and beliefs cascade down through all the other systems. The Chronosystem was later added by Bronfenbrenner and is described as a research model that ‘makes possible examining the influence on the person’s development of changes (and continuities) over time in the environments in which the person is living’ (Bronfenbrenner U. 1986a p.724). These changes are sociohistorical and are considered as occurring within the individual and also within the environment. Changes can be ‘normative’ (school, new relationships, getting a job, giving birth) or ‘non-normative’ (divorce, illness, death). In the further education setting, Bronfenbrenner’s theory is useful in  implying the benefits of helping offset risks that may apply to the student, such un-nurturing home environment, poor interpersonal relationships, violence and the absence of opportunities experienced such as lack of education to date, limited skills, poor job opportunities and lack of self- awareness. Creating experiences where the students can develop intellectually and emotionally through the academic programme as well as teamwork, outings, reflective practice and empathy building. Bronfenbrenner stresses the value of the interconnectedness of the microsystems. Within a South Kerry Youthreach programme there is typically very poor connectedness between the education centre, the families and the communities. Open days often have few or no parents attending with perhaps just a few professionals such as guards, social workers and other education officers turning up to appreciate the work on display. Also anecdotal evidence shows very poor awareness of the programme in the community. This centre is working hard at increasing community awareness and mutual rapport by involving students in local charity events, community art exhibitions and development of a work experience programme. Many second chance education students are angry and aware that they have in some way been failed by structures such as government, medical system, labour market, media and the neighbourhood. Awareness of the ‘systems’ can be poor and many adult students lack the confidence and basic literacy skills to investigate and negotiate these systems. ‘The â€Å"dialogue man† is critical and knows that although it is within the power of men to create and transform in a concrete situation of alienation men may be impaired in the use of that power’ (Friere P. 1975 p.63). Modules such as Communications, SPHE, Personal Effectiveness and Personal and Interpersonal Skills should perhaps be regarded as a means of increasing this sense of efficacy and knowledge of the â €˜exosystem’. Also inviting people who hold power within these systems to come in to centres to talk to the students may help break down barriers and increase awareness. Cultural influences affect how we think, feel and act. In one South Kerry Youthreach centre unconscious belief systems are apparent in casual racist comments and career aspirations (childcare and hairdressing for girls, construction and mechanics for boys) or in some cases, no aspirations of employment at all in keeping with family history. A more privileged young person might perceive good group participation as a positive aspiration.  However, in one South Kerry Youthreach programme it is reported that during initial interviews, prospective students, when asked how they might ‘get on’ in a group situation tend to perceive this question as ‘are you a trouble-maker?’ and answer that they intend to ignore everyone in the group and just mind their own business believing this to be the ‘correct’ answer. The work of educators here might entail helping to create positive group experience and also help to open doors that might enrich the individualà ¢â‚¬â„¢s life, create an atmosphere of curiosity and questioning of beliefs, values and culture and introduce positive and varied role models. Overtime, many changes effect the development of the individual. This time factor may be within a lifetime, or spanning decades. Often it is a non-normative change such as marital breakdown, redundancy or recovery from illness that forces a re-evaluation and brings a person back to education. Helping the individual cope with change by creating opportunities for new identities and competencies is the work required here. Erikson and Bronfenbrenner, both psychologists, have examined the development of the individual over their lifespan. Although Erickson organises his theory in terms of age related stages, and Bronfenbrenner in systems, neither theorist attempts to explain change and development in terms of age only. All life stage theorists look at the processes that bring about these changes and as Sugarman points out ‘’What we can say about change is determined by our research design – that is, what we choose to measure, how and why’. (Sugarman L. 1986, p.13). Erikson’s research design studies intrapersonal changes in the individual and explains that these changes occur within particular chronological age groupings, within particular social settings as a result of the resolution of tensions experienced. However, Bronfenbrenner on the other hand takes a wider socio-cultural view and has researched the changes occurring in the individual within the many ‘settin gs’, within the many systems in which the individual interacts. He categorised the environment as as consisting of ‘interrelated and nested structures’ (Jordan A., Carlisle O., & Stack A, 2008, p.82). Unlike Erikson, Bonfenbrenner has been criticised for paying too little attention to biological and cognitive factors although he expanded his theory to a bioecological theory later on. Erikson represents the individual’s  development as ‘ordered’ and linear whereas Bronfenbrenner’s perspective is one of ‘random’ and multidirectional development. It would, however, be unfair to suggest that Erikson did not take account of the various social and cultural influences that Bronfenbrenner focused on, hence his ‘Psychosocial Theory’ . Joan Erikson states that her husband always held that ‘the individual and society are intricately woven’ (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J, 1997, p.114). He attributes psychosocial manifestations to each of his stages and also describes the processes and experiences of the ‘soma’, the ‘psyche’ and the ‘ethos’. (Erikson E.H. & Erikson J, 1997, p.25). However, he has not ‘explicated this aspect of his theory as fully as he did the stages of individual development’. (Sugarman L. 1986 p.84). Erikson defines these social influences quite precisely as the individual’s ‘radius of significant relations’ whereas Bronfenbrenners theory allows for a more individually tailored, contextual approach. Both Erikson and Bronfenbrenner were active into their eightieth decade and remained engaged in critical reflection of their work. Erikson worked on the blueprint for his ninth stage and in 1994, Uri Bronfenbrenner renamed his theory â€Å"bioecological systems theory† to emphasize that a ‘child’s own biology is a primary environment fuelling her developmentâ₠¬â„¢(http://www.cmskids.com/providers/early_steps/training/documents/bronfenbrenners_ecological.pdf.) While Erikson’s writing is artistic and literary, Bronfenbrenner’s is scientific and at times political. Bronfenbrenner advocated experimentation in a ‘real’ setting as opposed to the traditional laboratory approach, although he did not dispense with the latter as being of use and alludes to ‘the as yet unexploited power of the laboratory as an ecological contrast’. (Bronfenbrenner 1977, p.514) At the centre of both these theories is the individual. These are not opposing theories but two perspectives in search of a similar understanding. Bronfenbrenner himself make this clear ‘A variety of approaches are needed if we are to make progress toward the ultimate goal of understanding human development in context’ (Bronfenbrenner 1977 p.529). Bibliography Bee H., & Boyd D. ( 2003). The Developing Child, 10th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Bronfenbrenner U. (1977). Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development [Electronic version]. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531. Bronfenbrenner U. (1986). Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human Development: Research Perspectives {Electronic version]. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742. Erikson E.H. (1950). Childhood and Society. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. Erikson E.H., & Erikson J.M. (1997). The Life Cycle Completed, extended version. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. Friere P. (1975). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. Graham A. (2012). Psychology of Adult Learning, WIT, 26th March, 2012, Tralee Jordan A., Carlile O., & Stack A. (2008). Approaches to Learning: a Guide for Teachers. Berkshire: Open University Press. Richardson N., Clarke N., & Fowler C. (2013). A Report on the All-Ireland Young Men and Suicide Project. Ireland: Men’s Health Forum in Ireland. Sugarman L. (1986). Life-Span Development: Concepts, Theories and Interventions. London: Routledge. Tennant M. (1997). Psychology & Adult Learning. London: Routledge. Module: Psychology of Adult Learning Level 6 Title: Compare and contrast Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development with Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological model of Development

Free Essays on Anne Frank

Anne Frank Anne Frank was born in Germany just before WWII. She was a young Jewish girl who hid away for two years in an attic in Amsterdam during the Holocaust. Her story is famous because her diary tells a story about her family during WWII. Anne Frank had a regular childhood. She was born on June 12, 1926 into a loving family of four, her father Otto, mother Edith, and sister Margot. Anne attended the Montessori School and had many friends as a child. Just like any other child, Anne had many hopes and dreams for the future. She dreamed of one day becoming a movie star or an author. Anne Frank had a childhood just like most children of her time. As Anne got older, Germany began to become unsafe for Jewish people. Anne and her family were forced to move from their home in Germany to Amsterdam where things were much safer. At her new home, Anne went to a school for Jewish children only, which was very different from her old school. From that point on in her life things in Amsterdam began changing for the worse. Different from most of her childhood, Anne’s teenage years were not very pleasant. At the age of thirteen she and her family, along with six other Jews, were forced to hide away in an attic away from Nazi control. For two long years Anne kept a diary, which she called â€Å"Kitty†. In her diary she wrote about her life in hiding. She told about her family’s struggle to stay quiet during the day so that they would not be heard. Hiding away in the attic for two years was quite difficult for Anne, at times she even felt like she wanted to go outside and run around. After two years of hiding away, Anne and the others that hid in the attic with her were discovered and taken into Nazi rule. Upon being caught Anne, now fifteen and her sister Margot were separated from the rest of the group. Anne and Margot were forced to do labor work with little food and harsh treatment in many concentration camps. Whi... Free Essays on Anne Frank Free Essays on Anne Frank Anne Frank Anne Frank was born in Germany just before WWII. She was a young Jewish girl who hid away for two years in an attic in Amsterdam during the Holocaust. Her story is famous because her diary tells a story about her family during WWII. Anne Frank had a regular childhood. She was born on June 12, 1926 into a loving family of four, her father Otto, mother Edith, and sister Margot. Anne attended the Montessori School and had many friends as a child. Just like any other child, Anne had many hopes and dreams for the future. She dreamed of one day becoming a movie star or an author. Anne Frank had a childhood just like most children of her time. As Anne got older, Germany began to become unsafe for Jewish people. Anne and her family were forced to move from their home in Germany to Amsterdam where things were much safer. At her new home, Anne went to a school for Jewish children only, which was very different from her old school. From that point on in her life things in Amsterdam began changing for the worse. Different from most of her childhood, Anne’s teenage years were not very pleasant. At the age of thirteen she and her family, along with six other Jews, were forced to hide away in an attic away from Nazi control. For two long years Anne kept a diary, which she called â€Å"Kitty†. In her diary she wrote about her life in hiding. She told about her family’s struggle to stay quiet during the day so that they would not be heard. Hiding away in the attic for two years was quite difficult for Anne, at times she even felt like she wanted to go outside and run around. After two years of hiding away, Anne and the others that hid in the attic with her were discovered and taken into Nazi rule. Upon being caught Anne, now fifteen and her sister Margot were separated from the rest of the group. Anne and Margot were forced to do labor work with little food and harsh treatment in many concentration camps. Whi...

Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter

Life was simple and pure for Hester Prynne. After the death of her lover, nothing in the world can mase her angry and anxious easily. She looked white and cold. She kept a proper distance to the world. She lost Dimmesdale twenty years ago. He was the only lover for her in those black days. Now she realized that there were more things lovely in the world. She appreciated the blue sky, the colorful flowers, and the small cottage she lived in. Fortunately, time did not leave any trace on her. Her smooth skin, shinning eyes, soft hair and slim shape made her age a mystery in the town. She was still elegant. She was ready to help others in trouble, though they never gave her a smile. The magic of time had an effect on her girl. Pearl was no longer an innocent and vulnerable baby in her arm. She was twenty years old now. Her beauty made her shinning as a real pearl. She loved smiling to anyone in the town, though no one would respond to her. When she grown up and really understood something in the world, she found she was special in the town. She had no friends, no relatives even no father. Her family was the ignorant group in the town. Everything changed when Pearl met a young man in another town. He was the first person who gave her a smile as a return. Suddenly, she found a sense of belonging from his smile. â€Å"Why you smile at me?†, she asked him? He said, â€Å"Because your smile is like a pearl†. â€Å"Thank you for your smile,† she said. At the first time, she knew what love was. She was no longer lonely. She had mum and him. â€Å"Mum, why you don’t move here with us? We need you.† â€Å"I can’t do that. If people here can smile at me again, I will leave it. My work has not been finished.† Hester Prynne was still living in the town. Her only daughter left her alone. Time is magic .Wrinkles secretly appeared on her face. Her black hair lost their color. The only thing she still had was her shinning eyes and n... Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on The Ending Of The Scarlet Letter Life was simple and pure for Hester Prynne. After the death of her lover, nothing in the world can mase her angry and anxious easily. She looked white and cold. She kept a proper distance to the world. She lost Dimmesdale twenty years ago. He was the only lover for her in those black days. Now she realized that there were more things lovely in the world. She appreciated the blue sky, the colorful flowers, and the small cottage she lived in. Fortunately, time did not leave any trace on her. Her smooth skin, shinning eyes, soft hair and slim shape made her age a mystery in the town. She was still elegant. She was ready to help others in trouble, though they never gave her a smile. The magic of time had an effect on her girl. Pearl was no longer an innocent and vulnerable baby in her arm. She was twenty years old now. Her beauty made her shinning as a real pearl. She loved smiling to anyone in the town, though no one would respond to her. When she grown up and really understood something in the world, she found she was special in the town. She had no friends, no relatives even no father. Her family was the ignorant group in the town. Everything changed when Pearl met a young man in another town. He was the first person who gave her a smile as a return. Suddenly, she found a sense of belonging from his smile. â€Å"Why you smile at me?†, she asked him? He said, â€Å"Because your smile is like a pearl†. â€Å"Thank you for your smile,† she said. At the first time, she knew what love was. She was no longer lonely. She had mum and him. â€Å"Mum, why you don’t move here with us? We need you.† â€Å"I can’t do that. If people here can smile at me again, I will leave it. My work has not been finished.† Hester Prynne was still living in the town. Her only daughter left her alone. Time is magic .Wrinkles secretly appeared on her face. Her black hair lost their color. The only thing she still had was her shinning eyes and n...

St. Johns, Capital of Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's, Capital of Newfoundland and Labrador St. Johns, the capital city of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, is Canadas oldest city. The first visitors from Europe arrived at the start of the 1500s and it grew as a prominent location for fisheries for the French, Spanish, Basques, Portuguese and English. Britain became the dominant European power in St. Johns by the end of the 1500s, and the first permanent British settlers put down roots in the 1600s, around the same time that the first English settlements occurred in what is now Massachusetts in the U.S. Near the harbor is Water Street, which St. Johns claims is the oldest street in North America. The city shows its Old World charm in winding, hilly streets lined with colorful buildings and row houses. St. Johns sits on a deepwater harbor connected by the Narrows, a long inlet, to the Atlantic Ocean. Seat of Government In 1832, St. Johns became the seat of government of Newfoundland, an English colony at the  time,  when Newfoundland was granted a colonial legislature by Britain. St. Johns became the capital city of the province of Newfoundland when Newfoundland joined  Canadian Confederation  in 1949.   St. John covers 446.06 square  kilometers or 172.22 square  miles. Its population as of the 2011 Canadian census was 196,966, making it Canadas 20th largest city and the second largest in Atlantic Canada; Halifax, Nova Scotia is the largest.   The population of Newfoundland and Labrador was 528,448 as of 2016. The local economy, depressed by the collapse of the cod fishery in the early 1990s, has been brought back to prosperity with  petrodollars  from off-shore oil projects.   St. Johns Climate Despite the fact that St. Johns is in Canada, a relatively cold country, the city has a moderate climate. Winters are relatively mild and the summers cool. However, Environment Canada rates St. Johns more extreme in other aspects of its weather: Its the foggiest and windiest Canadian city, and it has the greatest number of days of  freezing rain  per year. Winter temperatures in St. Johns average around -1 degree Celsius, or 30 degrees Fahrenheit, while summer days have an average temperature around 20 degrees Celsius, or 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Attractions This easternmost city in North America   situated on the east side of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland is home to several interesting attractions. Of special note is Signal Hill, the site of the first transatlantic wireless communication in 1901 at Cabot Tower, which is named for John Cabot, who discovered Newfoundland. The Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden in St. Johns is a designated All-American Selections Garden, with beds of award-winning plants bred in the U.S. The garden offers visitors beautiful viewing, with more than 2,500 plant varieties. It has a superb collection of rhododendrons, with 250 types, and nearly 100 hosta cultivars. Its alpine collection displays plants from mountain ranges around the world. Cape Spear Lighthouse is where the sun first comes up in North America- it sits on a cliff jutting out into the Atlantic on the easternmost point on the continent. It was built in 1836 and is the oldest lighthouse in existence in Newfoundland. Go there at dawn so you can say you saw the sun before anyone else in North America, a true bucket list item.

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Network Administration - Essay Example Important aspects of this scenario have been underlined and will be referred to within this report. As a junior consultant working for a company specialising in designing computer networks, you have been asked to work with a young company called StudentMobiles.com to advise them on the different types of network available. You are asked to prepare a report to assist in winning the contract to design a network suitable for StudentMobiles.com, so it is important that you show that you are knowledgeable about networking and have considered the different options available. Some background about the company is provided for you below: StudentMobiles.com was formed by two students who had just completed their university degree with the original concept of selling mobile telephones to students via an Internet web site. They bought a selection of phones in bulk and then advertised them on their web site, which proved to be far more successful than they had envisaged. Originally they had rented a small office from which all business was conducted but now they are planning to expand to other cities in the UK. To do this they will need offices throughout the UK with secure Internet connections allowing customers to purchase by credit card and to allow the offices to communicate with each other. Each office will employ 4-6 staff with about 10 at their home base. They want a centralised solution with all staff user accounts managed centrally and feel that a domain would be the best way forward. In order to maintain a centralised database of products, customers, orders and related data the company requires that web services and databases should be installed at the home base only and that all customer access will be directed to the home base. The branch offices will be equipped with web-based applications allowing the employees to view all records relating to customers such as customer details, orders and so on. An ISP will take responsibility for managing the company's domain name, and will manage all Internet traffic. An exploration of studentmobile.com entry strategy into e-market: In today's competitive environment, a growing number of firms are establishing their presence in the market space. Even though the potential of the Internet in shaping business strategies has been widely acknowledged, firms in an array of industries are still struggling to attract customers through their Web sites. Studentmobiles.com is an upcoming company set up by two fresh university degree holders with an objective of mobile phone via internet sought business expansion plan. With an aim to attract customer through website, the company envisages opening a number of branches, scattered

A Profitable Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Profitable Business - Research Paper Example After adding up these costs, the value of unsold goods (closing stock) is deducted to give the cost of goods sold. When the COGS is deducted from total revenues from sales, the gross profit is achieved. Gross profit is also known as operating profit because it is a measure of the manufacturing operations of the business. Net profit is calculated after deducting general, selling and administrative expenses from the gross profit. These expenses include items like electricity expenses, depreciation, salaries of office staff, and other expenses related to the day to day running of the business (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor 513). Sometimes, other income such as interest on loans, etc. is added to the gross profit. The net profit is a measure of the profitability of the business as it represents the amount that would be shared among the shareholders. For this reason, investors use net profit to determine the earnings per share (EPS) by dividing the net profit by the number of outstanding shar es. This tells investors how much return each share of the business earns for shareholders. 2. Misconceptions about Revenues and Expenses A common misconception new business owners have about revenues is that they are the same as profit. Revenues measure what a business received by selling its products. Profit is calculated after deducting expenses from revenues. ... Secondly, when accounting for business operations, the amount of revenue and expenses reported may differ. Under the cash-based accounting method, revenues and expenditures are identified when cash is collected or paid. But under the accrual accounting system, revenues and expenditures are identified when the right to receive or duty to pay has been established. The cash may be received at a later time. New business owners also sometimes fail to distinguish expenses from costs. For accounting purposes, cost is usually used to mean the price of a long-term benefit such as a fixed asset. On the other hand, expenses such as electricity payments and office stationery are payments in the course of the normal running of the business. Some new business owners also hold a misconception that all expenses involve payment of cash. In some cases, such as depreciation expense, there may be no payment of cash. Depreciation and amortization expenses simply involve the spreading of a cost over the p eriod during which the benefits of the cost are realized by the business. 3. Business Management Software InFlow is one of the most popular inventory management software for small and medium-sized businesses. Launched in 2007, it allows for products to be organized into categories with picture and price identification. Furthermore, the system also allows items to be tracked at the aisle and bin level. It supports bar code scanning for efficient point of sale operations. Users can have real-time access to the updated data. The system also produces invoices, purchase orders and other documentation. Customized sales, profit and cost reports can also be produced. The company offers a free edition of the software that has a capacity of storing up to 100 products (InFlow, 2013). QuickBooks is

Smoking cessation (tobacco legislation) Assignment

Smoking cessation (tobacco legislation) - Assignment Example According to the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, â€Å"smokeless, or spit, tobacco has gone from a product used primarily by older men to one used predominantly by young men and boys. This trend has occurred as smokeless tobacco promotions have increased dramatically and a new generation of smokeless tobacco products has hit the market† (Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 2009). By leveling tax parity among all tobacco products, some of the allure of cheap smokeless alternatives is reduced. A secondary good from such an increase is that the further tax revenues that will be gleaned can be distributed among a host of current government programs intended on further tobacco education and health care funding for what remains the most preventable form of death in the United States (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010). As the use of tobacco products among the older demographic in the United States is relatively constant, it continues to grow among the nation’s youth. It is against this backdrop, as well as the multiplicity of health affects that smokeless and other tobacco products wreak on our nation that has prompted this letter. Please strongly consider taking action to stem the tide of cheap and readily available tobacco products in our nation and to our youth.

Crocargo Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crocargo Logistics - Essay Example The business has been unable to generate enough capital to increase the ultimate profitability of the firm. The fundamental problem highlighted in this case is that of an inadequate costing system and an internal environment characterized by friction. The company is operating in a very hostile and competitive marketplace. The costing system that is needed to support the operations of the company is totally inadequate to keep the company operational for a very long time. The current costing system has been developed by the company’s operations manager who is more than satisfied with her costing system. She is not willing to take anyone’s opinion regarding the problems inherent in her system, as a result of which the company is not accounting for the costs it is actually incurring. The general manger of the company has finally realized this problem and has called for an external help who would suggest a more competitive costing method. Introduction An activity-based costi ng technique is one of those techniques which enable a company to identify its costs objects more accurately. This aspect of this technique has profound implications on a business, for instance it allows a company to identify unnecessary costs, price its products or services more efficiently and last but not the least it allows a company to be more competitive in its industry. ... So it goes like more the environment is competitive, more the costing system needs to be sophisticated. The costing system should effectively match costs with different cost objects. All these objects are integral to the ABC costing system (Brimson, 1991). Since the level of competition is high in the service competition, therefore a service firm needs to accurately estimate its costs. This new change in the industry has made costing a strategic issue; it has become so important that it effects long-term strategic decisions as well as day-to-day operating decisions. Costing has become so important because it helps a firm in: product or service organization, staffing and resource allocation. Accurate costing allows a company to plan resource consumption, price services properly and implement different strategies. But it is very difficult to initiate an Activity Based costing in a service firm, because in a service firm an employee is engaged in multiple activities involving different time-period. This makes it difficult to trace the resources consumed by a cost object (Cagwin and Bouwman, 2002). Even though the service industry is interested in implementing an activity based costing system, but since these models are made using the activity based costing models of a manufacturing firm as frame of reference, therefore the industry is facing multiple problems with regards to this technique’s implementation. The fundamental problem for this service industry is the absence of inventory, which receives an utmost importance while undergoing a valuation process. Other important cost variables are direct material and labor which are also absent in a service industry. This leads to a problem of estimating

Smoking cessation (tobacco legislation) Assignment

Smoking cessation (tobacco legislation) - Assignment Example According to the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, â€Å"smokeless, or spit, tobacco has gone from a product used primarily by older men to one used predominantly by young men and boys. This trend has occurred as smokeless tobacco promotions have increased dramatically and a new generation of smokeless tobacco products has hit the market† (Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 2009). By leveling tax parity among all tobacco products, some of the allure of cheap smokeless alternatives is reduced. A secondary good from such an increase is that the further tax revenues that will be gleaned can be distributed among a host of current government programs intended on further tobacco education and health care funding for what remains the most preventable form of death in the United States (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2010). As the use of tobacco products among the older demographic in the United States is relatively constant, it continues to grow among the nation’s youth. It is against this backdrop, as well as the multiplicity of health affects that smokeless and other tobacco products wreak on our nation that has prompted this letter. Please strongly consider taking action to stem the tide of cheap and readily available tobacco products in our nation and to our youth.

Why is oil such an important resource in the region ( Middle East) Essay

Why is oil such an important resource in the region ( Middle East) - Essay Example The first step is to explore an area for the existence of oil. Once oil has been located, the commercial viability of the well, as it is commonly referred to, has to be ascertained. This depends on the quantity of oil that is available for extraction. Another factor is the quality of oil. Quality is determined by the percentage of sulphur and asphalt found in oil. On the basis of this content, oil is classified into three types. The best quality is known as light crude. This type of oil will be a golden brown in colour it will flow more easily and has low sulphur and asphalt content. Heavy crude, on the other hand will be thicker and dark in colour and its sulphur and asphalt content will be high. The third category, known as medium crude, has characteristics that fall between light and heavy crude. So the best quality oil is light crude, followed by medium, with heavy crude having the poorest quality. â€Å"Crude oil is a mixture of many substances, mainly compounds of carbon and h ydrogen, together with varying proportions of sulphur.† 1 The awareness of oil and its use has been in vogue even 2000 years ago. Its uses were limited mainly to cooking and lighting since technology was primitive in those days. Since drilling methods were not in existence at that time, only that oil which naturally came up to the surface due to pressure could be used. Commercial drilling using crude techniques started in the United States about 200 years ago. The pressure of oil was such that the pioneers in this field often found it difficult to stop the oil gushing out form the wells. But as time passed and modern drilling methods came into to being, exploration has become more efficient and less wasteful. From the beginning of the 20th century, oil was explored and extracted from many regions of the worlds. A majority of the oil companies operating were privately owned. These companies were able to

Health Care Management and Information System in NHS London

Health Care Management and Information System in NHS London Analysis of the Health Care Management and Information System in NHS London. Virender Singh Research Proposal MBA Table of Contents Rational of Research..3 Specific Aim3 General Objectives..3 Literature Review 4 Statement of the Problem 5 Scope of the research..6 Research Methodology6 Significance of research 6 References.7 Rational of Research A Management Information System (MIS) gives data that is required to oversee associations effectively and successfully. MISs are not just computer systems, these systems include three essential segments: engineering, individuals (people, groups or associations), and information for decision making. Assessment is one of the beginning steps in any planning process and one worry of evaluation is recognizing nature of problems, their magnitude of severity, conveyance and patterns. It serves to focus quality and shortcomings of the current existing system. Evaluation is an efficient collection and investigation of information required to make decision, a methodology in which most well-run projects captivate from the start. Enhancing any data framework implies as a matter of first importance distinguishing qualities and shortcomings of existing framework in order to concentrate on areas functioning the least. Healthcare Management Information System (HMIS) appraisal is then the early step in the procedure for strengthening and enhancing it so it is paramount to identify data issue at its root and arrangement for more coordinated methodology for development at each one level. Specific Aim: To assess the current Health care Management Information Systems to find out its focus quality and shortcoming. General Objectives: To create solutions for improving the current issues, improving existing framework to have well reported framework in order to meet the demand of end user. Developing strategies to enhance automated documentation of information. Developing strategies so that the employees can use information legitimately for proper planning and surveying the current circumstances. Encouraging the use of Health care Management Information System for enhancing clinical consideration. Evaluating the capacity of front line employees for the best possible utilization of electronic information system. Literature Review Information needs to be decently characterized at each level in the event of information collection, processing of data, information transmission and there ought to be fitting feedback system. Computer technology can enormously improve and facilitate the data processing storage and retrieval so it is critical to upgrade computer systems, have proper security and proper insurance of the software. There ought to be constant appraisal on relevant timeliness and use of data at all levels. Planning ought to be contrasted with the actual performance in order to reflect changes and timely feedback the significant obstacles to viable and enhanced healthcare administration in the third world countries as absence of data is for the most part present. Well designed routine information framework guarantees that services are conveyed as per the standard as decision making methodology uses quantitative and objective data. Health information system is essentially needed for three major services. These include patient management, management of health units and management relating to health systems. Healthcare Management Information System exists to bridge the gap between when a patient becomes sick and the response of health service providers. This is due to the fact that initially health care information systems were in existence only to gather data relating to the problem the patient is having, or in some cases a disease and health services outputs; however later on the health information systems are becoming the part of health systems and hold paramount significance in the planning and decision making of healthcare services. The WHO theory is that the advancement of judiciously organized information system closely adjusted to the data needs of health services at all level including at the communities level can possibly help general improvement of health services management. The WHO has likewise accentuated that the absence of enhanced HMIS does not help in decision making process (Lippeveld, Sauerborn and Bodart, WHO, Geneva 2000). The Healthcare Management Systems have potential significance, however despite this fact it is practically a major problem for third world countries in collection, compilation, analysis and utilization of healthcare information. Numerous nations have chosen to handle the issue of HMIS by tending to at its root, and arrangement for more coordinated methodology to enhance it. Nations like Cameroon, Tanzania, Pakistan, and Mozambique focused on routine Information System for primary care facilities (Lungo, 2003). According to Rodrigues and Israel (1995) as cited by Lungo (2003), the drive for a change in HMIS has concurred with the data innovation since 1980s. WHO has additionally emphatically accentuated on the utilization of machine innovation in the outline of district-based health information system. However a considerable amount of countries which have computerized their HMIS are experiencing absence of properly trained staff and hardware and software Maintenance Problems (Campbell, 1997), (Hedberg 2003), (WHO 2004). According to Braa et al (2003) as cited by Lungo (2003), the national health information systems in numerous developing nations have been unequivocally focused around the Primary Heath Care (PHC) administration. The district gets then the most fitting level for facilitating top-down and bottom up planning, for sorting out community involvement in planning, and execution, and for enhancing the coordination of government and private care. A broad participatory action examination began in South Africa which has additionally spread to different nations like Mozambique, Tanzania, and India. Health Information System Program (HISP) shows solid methodologies and address how to create district–based health information systems that is offered by open source software. The contention is that local or provincial and district health managers and planners in the third world nations have not had the capacity to examine and translate such information for planning, and ought to be engaged through solid decentralization. Sandiford et al (1992) as cited by Lungo (2003), Computer-based data framework ought to be implemented to encourage better storage, investigation and dissemination of health information. However introducing computer technology in the improvement of health information system is not so much the silver-billet that tackles the efficiency issue of the health service. Statement of the Problem Regular issues in the utilization of IT incorporate absence of user-friendly hardware, poor framework support, and absence of sustainable energy source and deficiency of enough trained staff. Accordingly, it must be taken into consideration the primary thing in any case that the information entered must be precise; management must be equipped for controlling the computer system into meaningful data particularly when non-medicinal staff or low-level experts do the information gathering. In any case, the key issue to meaningful information lies in the faultless inputting of pertinent information and an institutionalized practical IT framework (Keen 1994). Under the technology of information administration; computers get vital to handle substantial volume of information or data in an organized and quick way for speed, quality, precession, clarity, consistency, dependability and proficiency. However, it cannot produce information rather it can just process it. Despite the credible use of HMIS for evidence based decision making like strategic planning, enhanced patient care, proficient allotment of scarce assets and effective focusing of intervention to those in the greatest need heading for better result, however there is an enormous sympathy towards the improvement of the health care services delivery systems, which is generally seen to be attributed to the weaknesses of HMIS in the developing nations. Scope of the research The research will be based on Service Reporting System in the HMIS and is restricted to health facilities and management units at national health services. Research Methodology The research will involve choosing four primary care units from City of London. The questionnaire will be filled by all the individuals involved in the handling of HMIS. A questionnaire to be filled by the individuals who are directly involved in taking care of and utilizing HMIS at Primary health care centres, working for National Health Services (NHS). Individuals will complete the questionnaire and from these, the researcher will assess the current ongoing framework to determine strength and shortcomings, developing strategies and solutions to improve the flaws. Also analyzing the data on the latest version of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Significance of the research Exploring the current HMIS situation in the area to recognize the qualities and weaknesses of the framework to address the problem areas. The concluding results of the research is relied upon to be useful and will input in improvement efforts of the HMIS and in the dissemination of learning picked up in the research. References Beaumont R ( ). Evaluating Health Information System, Introduction to Evaluating Health Information System. Braa J (2003). Strategies for developing Health Information System in Developing Countries, South Africa. Campbell, B B (1997). Health Management Information System in Lower Income Countries, Analysis of system design, implementation and utilization in Ghana and Nepal, WHO, New York. Hiaasen D S and Striver D J (2004). A Framework for assessing HMIS in Developing Countries: Latvia as a case Study. (Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Science). Lippeveld T, Sauerborn R, Bodar C T (2000). Design and Implementation of Health Information Systems, WHO, Geneve. Lungo J H, May 2003. Data Flows in Health Information Systems, University of Oslo, Department of Informatics, Norway. O’Brien, J (1999). Management Information Systems – Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. 1

Neurosurgeon and Patient :: Neurology Medical Health Essays

Neurosurgeon and Patient Brain injury is an unexpected and complex disability. The brain can be damaged in many ways: as a result of an accident, a stroke, alcohol or drug abuse, tumors, poisoning, infection and disease, hemorrhage, near drowning, AIDS, and a number of other things such as Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The human brain is one of the most vital and complex organs in the human body. It is where we store our thoughts, feelings and all of our learned behavior. The parietal lobe is the lobe of the cerebral cortex that is at the top of the brain, which processes information in reference to touch, taste, pressure, pain, and heat and cold. The parietal lobes can be divided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single precept (cognition). The second function constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us. Individuals with damage to the parietal lobes often show striking deficits, such as abnormalities in body image and spatial relations (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel, 1991).Damage to the left parietal lobe can result in what is known as "Gerstmann's Syndrome." This syndrome’s effects include right- left confusion, difficulty with writing (agraphia) and difficulty with mathematics (acalculia). It can also yield disorders of language (aphasia) and the inability to perceive objects normally (agnosia). Damage to the right parietal lobe can result in neglecting part of the body or space (contralateral neglect), which can impair many self-care skills such as dressing and washing. Right side damage can also cause difficulty in making things (constructional apraxia), denial of deficits (anosagnosia) and drawing ability. (Kimura,D.1977) Bi- lateral damage (large lesions to both sides) can cause "Balint's Syndrome," a visual attention and motor syndrome. This is characterized by the inability to voluntarily control the gaze (ocular apraxia), inability to integrate components of a visual scene (simultanagnosia), and the inability to accurately reach for an object with visual guidance (optic ataxia). Special deficits (primarily to memory and personality) can occur if there is damage to the area between the parietal and temporal lobes. Left parietal-temporal lesions can effect verbal memory and the ability to recall strings of digits (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1977reland et al.

Gene Manipulation Essay -- essays research papers fc

Throughout time, man has always questioned science. Man has been curious about life, space, our bodies, and our existence. Man has gone as far as to the moon, and cloning. Everyday there are new developments being researched. Along with these developments come the people’s opinion. Many people question the positive outcomes and negative outcomes of procedures such as gene manipulation, cloning, in vitro fertilization and fetal tissue implants. To this day, scientists are researching and developing ways to â€Å"design† their children by selecting their sex, height, intelligence, and color of eyes. People question the morality of gene manipulation. Is it right to â€Å"design† our children? What are the consequences? The practice of gene manipulation is seen as Frankenstein-ish, but it is solely to benefit all humans with longer and healthier lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gene manipulation is able to screen disorders of the fetus, prevent diseases from occurring to the following generations and allows parents to design their children. Prenatal testing is a very common procedure that is done . Nine out of ten pregnant women submit to some type of prenatal screening. (Golden) Dominant disorders such as Down Syndrome, which is a form of retardation, can be detected from a fetus. Since 1996, gene therapy has been the cure for patients suffering from a genetic disease. This is done by slipping a healthy gene in the cells of one organ of the patient. (Begley) Parents of this fetus can then decide on the procedures that will be done on their baby to cure him/her. Not only will the parents of the baby prepare for the surgeries but they can prepare themselves emotionally. This is helpful because during labor the parents will not be in shock when told that their child has complications. Older pregnant women who usually have more complications during pregnancy benefit from genetic screening. Doctors usually recommend â€Å"more invasive procedures† in which actual fetal cells are collected from the womb’s amniotic fluid or placenta . (Golden) Receiving the results from the tests, she can determine whether it is safe for her to continue with the pregnancy, especially since some tests provide accuracy as high as ninety-nine percent. (Golden) Unfortunately, not all test results come out positive. Approximately ninety-five percent of couples who receive â€Å"bad† news from genetic scr... ...nsequences, especially because of genetic screening. Many people may not be prepared to know nor prepared to want to know about the negative results of the tests. Should we then be ignorant about the situation and pretend not to know? Ignorance is not bliss. The more we know about curing people, the closer we get to improving our society. It may not happen now, but it will real soon. Works Cited Begley, Sharon. â€Å"Designer Babies.† Time Magazine 9 Nov 1998 Frantz, Elizabeth. â€Å"The Hunt for the Ultimate Cure.† Time Magazine 11 Jan 1999 Golden, Frederic. â€Å"Good Eggs, Bad Eggs.† Time Magazine 11 Jan 1999 Grunewald, Peter. â€Å"Genetic Engineering and Medicine.† Liebenzell: Arbeitskreis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furernahrungs forschung 1994. Joyce, Christopher. â€Å"Special Delivery†. USA Weekend 14-16 May 1999 Kalb, Claudia. â€Å"Our Quest to Be Perfect†. Newsweek 9 Aug 1999 Lemonick, Michael. â€Å"Designer Babies† Time Magazine 1999 â€Å"Prenatal Care† http:w-cpc.org./pregnancy/testing.html. Toriello, Helga, Ph.D. â€Å"It Happened Once-Will It Happen Again?† A Heartbreaking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Choice Fall 1994 Wright, Robert. â€Å"Who Gets The Good Genes?† Time Magazine 11 Jan 1999